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| ==== Greek / Armenian / Syriac ==== | ==== Greek / Armenian / Syriac ==== |
| * A primary source of reflections on Greek MT is the adaptation, translation and commentary of the Téchnē Grammatikḗ of Dionysius Thrax. The Syriac and the Armenian version of the have received little attention in scholarly literature, with only a few exceptions (Köbert 1967, Belardi 1985, Contini 1998, Farina 2008, Talmon 2000). Nonetheless, the adaptation of the Téchnē played a prominent role in the foundation of the grammatical tradition both of the Syriac and of the Armenian language, particularly from the point of view of the lexicon. A first line of research will deal with the **[[Syriac_adaptation|adaptation of the Téchnē and its further commentary into Syriac around the 5th to the 6th centuries CE by Ywsep Hzy]]**. Although Greek terms are rendered either with loanwords or calques, they are often compared with grammatical terms belonging to the earlier Syriac tradition. For instance, the grammatical category of gender (Gk. ) is translated with a loanword (gensê ‹gns›), while the grammatical category of case (Gk. ) is rendered with the calque maplt ‹mplt›. The MT that will be analyzed have a twofold interest: they can shed new light on how Greek was taught and understood in a Hellenised Eastern community of bilingual speakers, and they will allow us to evaluate the linguistic stage of Syriac during the sixth century AD, an epoch when the flourishing of the Syriac literary language reaches its climax. | * A primary source of reflections on Greek MT is the adaptation, translation and commentary of the Téchnē Grammatikḗ of Dionysius Thrax. The Syriac and the Armenian version of the Téchnē have received little attention in scholarly literature, with only a few exceptions (Köbert 1967, Belardi 1985, Contini 1998, Farina 2008, Talmon 2000). Nonetheless, the adaptation of the Téchnē played a prominent role in the foundation of the grammatical tradition both of the Syriac and of the Armenian language, particularly from the point of view of the lexicon. A first line of research will deal with the **[[Syriac_adaptation|adaptation of the Téchnē and its further commentary into Syriac around the 5th to the 6th centuries CE by Ywsep Hzy]]**. Although Greek terms are rendered either with loanwords or calques, they are often compared with grammatical terms belonging to the earlier Syriac tradition. For instance, the grammatical category of gender (Gk. ) is translated with a loanword (gensê ‹gns›), while the grammatical category of case (Gk. ) is rendered with the calque maplt ‹mplt›. The MT that will be analyzed have a twofold interest: they can shed new light on how Greek was taught and understood in a Hellenised Eastern community of bilingual speakers, and they will allow us to evaluate the linguistic stage of Syriac during the sixth century AD, an epoch when the flourishing of the Syriac literary language reaches its climax. |
| * The **[[Armenian_translation|Armenian translation of the Téchnē (6th-7th century)]]** is the oldest Eastern Indo-European spreading of Greek grammatical tradition, connected with a group of Armenian medieval commentaries (Adontz 1970; Clackson 1995; Sgarbi 1988-1991; Scala 2008). Its peculiar interest for the study of MT is represented by the many translation forms which are not elsewhere attested: e.g. for the translation of the Greek týpt ‘(I) strike’, the normal Classical Armenian forms 1st pers. ganem sg., ganemk‘ pl. are employed, together with an artificial ganom in correspondence to the Greek dual (Weitenberg 2000; Sgarbi 2003). | * The **[[Armenian_translation|Armenian translation of the Téchnē (6th-7th century)]]** is the oldest Eastern Indo-European spreading of Greek grammatical tradition, connected with a group of Armenian medieval commentaries (Adontz 1970; Clackson 1995; Sgarbi 1988-1991; Scala 2008). Its peculiar interest for the study of MT is represented by the many translation forms which are not elsewhere attested: e.g. for the translation of the Greek týpt ‘(I) strike’, the normal Classical Armenian forms 1st pers. ganem sg., ganemk‘ pl. are employed, together with an artificial ganom in correspondence to the Greek dual (Weitenberg 2000; Sgarbi 2003). |
| * Another promising line of research is constituted by **[[printed_armenian_grammars|the first Armenian printed grammars of 16th and 17th centuries]]**, based on a strong adaptation of the description of Armenian to the schemas of Latin Renaissance grammar (Orengo 1994). | * Another promising line of research is constituted by **[[printed_armenian_grammars|the first Armenian printed grammars of 16th and 17th centuries]]**, based on a strong adaptation of the description of Armenian to the schemas of Latin Renaissance grammar (Orengo 1994). |
| ==== Bibliography ==== | ==== Bibliography ==== |
| |
| Adontz 1970 Denys de Thrace et les commentateurs arméniens, Louvain Asperti et al. 2014 Appendix Probi, Firenze | * Adontz 1970 Denys de Thrace et les commentateurs arméniens, Louvain |
| Aussant 2020 Grammaires étendues in Bisconti et al, Héritages etc Paris Bausani 1960 The first Italian-Malay vocabulary, E&W 11, 229-48 | * Asperti et al. 2014 Appendix Probi, Firenze |
| Belardi 1985 Filosofia grammatica e retorica etc Roma | * Aussant 2020 Grammaires étendues in Bisconti et al, Héritages etc Paris |
| Benedetti 2018 Specchiarsi nell’altro in Ead. et al L'altro nel mondo antico, Pisa, 7-26 | * Bausani 1960 The first Italian-Malay vocabulary, E&W 11, 229-48 |
| – 2019 Il latino come L2, LingVar 8, 11-20 | * Belardi 1985 Filosofia grammatica e retorica etc Roma |
| Bhate 1996 Grammarian’s Language in Id. et al, Amrtamandkin, Poona, 90-7 | * Benedetti 2018 Specchiarsi nell’altro in Ead. et al L'altro nel mondo antico, Pisa, 7-26 |
| Bubeník 1998 A Hist. Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan, Amsterdam | * Benedetti 2019 Il latino come L2, LingVar 8, 11-20 |
| Calboli 1993 Intr. a Cornifici Rhetorica ad Herennium, Bologna, 1-74 | * Bhate 1996 Grammarian’s Language in Id. et al, Amrtamandkin, Poona, 90-7 |
| Cardona 1976 Pini, The Hague | * Bubeník 1998 A Hist. Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan, Amsterdam |
| Casadei 1996 Metafore ed espressioni idiomatiche, Roma | * Calboli 1993 Intr. a Cornifici Rhetorica ad Herennium, Bologna, 1-74 |
| Cavigneaux 1980-3 Lexikalische Listen, RIA 6, 609-41 | * Cardona 1976 Pini, The Hague |
| Clackson 1995 The Techn in Armenian in Law et al, Dionysius Thrax and the Techn Grammatik, Munster 121-33 | * Casadei 1996 Metafore ed espressioni idiomatiche, Roma |
| Collins 2018 Malay, world language, Kuala Lumpur | * Cavigneaux 1980-3 Lexikalische Listen, RIA 6, 609-41 |
| Colombo 2013 La grammatica tra prima e terza Crusca in TOMASIN 2013, 117-24 | * Clackson 1995 The Techn in Armenian in Law et al, Dionysius Thrax and the Techn Grammatik, Munster 121-33 |
| Considine 2016 A Chronology of Major Events etc in The Oxf Hb of Lexicography, Oxford 605-15 | * Collins 2018 Malay, world language, Kuala Lumpur |
| Contini 1998 Considerazioni interling. sull’adattamento siriaco della Téchne Grammatiké etc in Finazzi et al, La diffusione dell’eredità classica etc Alessandria 95-111 Dardano 2012 Contatti tra lingue nell’Anatolia preclassica, SILTA 41 393-409 | * Colombo 2013 La grammatica tra prima e terza Crusca in TOMASIN 2013, 117-24 |
| De Felice 2014 La sinestesia nella poesia latina, SSL 52 61-107 | * Considine 2016 A Chronology of Major Events etc in The Oxf Hb of Lexicography, Oxford 605-15 |
| De Nonno 2017 Vetustas e antiquitas etc in Rocchi et al, Imagines Antiquitatis, Berlin 213-47. | * Contini 1998 Considerazioni interling. sull’adattamento siriaco della Téchne Grammatiké etc in Finazzi et al, La diffusione dell’eredità classica etc Alessandria 95-111 |
| Di Giovine 2015 A proposito di una nuova ed. dell’Appendix Probi, RATIONES RERUM 5 45-50 | * Dardano 2012 Contatti tra lingue nell’Anatolia preclassica, SILTA 41 393-409 |
| Dickey 2015 Teaching Latin to Greek speakers in antiquity in Archibald et al, Learning Latin and Greek etc Cambridge 30-51 | * De Felice 2014 La sinestesia nella poesia latina, SSL 52 61-107 |
| Farina 2008 Diathesis and Middle Voice in the Syriac Anc. Gramm. Tradition, AraST 6 175–93 | * De Nonno 2017 Vetustas e antiquitas etc in Rocchi et al, Imagines Antiquitatis, Berlin 213-47. |
| Ferri et al 2016, The Latin of the Grammarians, Turnhout | * Di Giovine 2015 A proposito di una nuova ed. dell’Appendix Probi, RATIONES RERUM 5 45-50 |
| Francia FORTHC Le liste lessicali ittite | * Dickey 2015 Teaching Latin to Greek speakers in antiquity in Archibald et al, Learning Latin and Greek etc Cambridge 30-51 |
| Gordin 2015 Hittite Scribal Circles. Wiesbaden | * Farina 2008 Diathesis and Middle Voice in the Syriac Anc. Gramm. Tradition, AraST 6 175–93 |
| Keidan 2014 Form, function and interpretation, BEI 32 171-203 | * Ferri et al 2016, The Latin of the Grammarians, Turnhout |
| – 2017 Subjecthood in Panini’s Gramm. Tradition in Crisanti et al, Anantaratnaprabhava I, Milano, 107-25 | * Francia FORTHC Le liste lessicali ittite |
| Köbert 1967 Syriac 7, in Rosenthal, An Aramaic Handbook 2/1, Wiesbaden, 20–42 | * Gordin 2015 Hittite Scribal Circles. Wiesbaden |
| Lallot 2011 Did the Alexandrian Grammarians have a Sense of History? in Matthaios et al, Ancient Scholarship and Grammar, Berlin, 241-50 | * Keidan 2014 Form, function and interpretation, BEI 32 171-203 |
| Lorenzetti 2020 Dict. of lang. difficulties in Man. of Standard. in Rom. Lang., Berlin, 381-97 | * Keidan 2017 Subjecthood in Panini’s Gramm. Tradition in Crisanti et al, Anantaratnaprabhava I, Milano, 107-25 |
| Magni 2020 L’ambiguità delle lingue, Roma | * Köbert 1967 Syriac 7, in Rosenthal, An Aramaic Handbook 2/1, Wiesbaden, 20–42 |
| Mahdi 2018 The first standard grammar of Malay, WACANA 19 257-90 | * Lallot 2011 Did the Alexandrian Grammarians have a Sense of History? in Matthaios et al, Ancient Scholarship and Grammar, Berlin, 241-50 |
| Mancini 2007 Appendix Probi: correz. ortografiche o correz. linguistiche? in Lo Monaco et al, L’Appendix Probi, Firenze 65-94. | * Lorenzetti 2020 Dict. of lang. difficulties in Man. of Standard. in Rom. Lang., Berlin, 381-97 |
| – 2016 I grammatici, lo standard e il latino arcaico in Benedetti et al, Grammatiche e grammatici, Roma 85-140 | * Magni 2020 L’ambiguità delle lingue, Roma |
| Marotta 2012 Perché i colori chiassosi non fanno chiasso, AGI 46 195-220 | * Mahdi 2018 The first standard grammar of Malay, WACANA 19 257-90 |
| – 2016 Syllabae, syllabarum divisio etc in Ferri et al 2016 | * Mancini 2007 Appendix Probi: correz. ortografiche o correz. linguistiche? in Lo Monaco et al, L’Appendix Probi, Firenze 65-94. |
| Merx 1889 Historia artis grammaticae apud Syros, AKM 9, 50–72; 9–28 | * Mancini 2016 I grammatici, lo standard e il latino arcaico in Benedetti et al, Grammatiche e grammatici, Roma 85-140 |
| Muru 2018 Early Descriptors and Descriptions of South Asian Lang. etc, JPortLing, 17 1-29 | * Marotta 2012 Perché i colori chiassosi non fanno chiasso, AGI 46 195-220 |
| – 2020 Grammaire Latine Etendue. Two Port. missionary Tamil Arte (17th c.), Beitr. z. Gesch. d. Sprachw. 30 2020 59-73 | * Marotta 2016 Syllabae, syllabarum divisio etc in Ferri et al 2016 |
| Nitti Dolci 1938 Les grammariens prakrits, Paris | * Merx 1889 Historia artis grammaticae apud Syros, AKM 9, 50–72; 9–28 |
| Orengo 1994 I K‘erakanowt‘ean Girk‘ etc, SSL 34, 51-110 | * Muru 2018 Early Descriptors and Descriptions of South Asian Lang. etc, JPortLing, 17 1-29 |
| Piras 1998 Varrone e i poetica verba, Bologna | * Muru 2020 Grammaire Latine Etendue. Two Port. missionary Tamil Arte (17th c.), Beitr. z. Gesch. d. Sprachw. 30 2020 59-73 |
| – 2015 Cum poeticis multis uerbis magis delecter quam utar etc in Butterfield, Varro varius, Cambridge 51-69 | * Nitti Dolci 1938 Les grammariens prakrits, Paris |
| Rivola 1624 Gramm. armenae libri IV, Milano | * Orengo 1994 I K‘erakanowt‘ean Girk‘ etc, SSL 34, 51-110 |
| – 1632 Dictionarium armeno-latinum, Milano | * Piras 1998 Varrone e i poetica verba, Bologna |
| Rochette 2014 Utriusque sermonis cognatio etc in Martorelli, Greco ant. nell'Occidente carolingio, Hildesheim 3-31 | * Piras 2015 Cum poeticis multis uerbis magis delecter quam utar etc in Butterfield, Varro varius, Cambridge 51-69 |
| Scala 2008 L’antica trad. armena della Téchn grammatik etc in Busetto, La trad. come strumento di interazione etc Milano 285-94 Scharfe 1977 Grammatical Literature, Wiesbaden | * Rivola 1624 Gramm. armenae libri IV, Milano |
| Scheucher 2019 Handing Down the Scribal Lore, New York | * Rivola 1632 Dictionarium armeno-latinum, Milano |
| Schirru 2019 Un processo di neutralizz. dell’armeno orient. in Badalkhan et al, Iranian St. in honour of A. Rossi, Naples 829-48 Schmitt 1991 Osservaz. sull’adattamento armeno etc RIL 125, 215-9 | * Rochette 2014 Utriusque sermonis cognatio etc in Martorelli, Greco ant. nell'Occidente carolingio, Hildesheim 3-31 |
| Sgarbi 1988-91 Studio contrastivo sull’adattamento strutturale etc, MIL 39, 535-632 | * Scala 2008 L’antica trad. armena della Téchnē Grammatikḗ etc in Busetto, La trad. come strumento di interazione etc Milano 285-94 |
| – 2003 Trasferimento interling. di classi gramm. nell’adattamento armeno etc, Aev. 77, 119-26 | * Scharfe 1977 Grammatical Literature, Wiesbaden |
| Talmon 2000 Foreign influence in the Syriac gramm. tradition in Auroux et al, History of the language sciences, Berlin, 337-41 Tomasin ED 2013 Il Vocabolario degli accad. della crusca etc Firenze | * Scheucher 2019 Handing Down the Scribal Lore, New York |
| Versteegh 2019 Malay Grammar between Arab and Western Model in Giolfo et al, The Foundations of Arabic Linguistics 4, Leiden Von Hinüber 2001 Das ältere Mittelind. im Überblick, Wien | * Schirru 2019 Un processo di neutralizz. dell’armeno orient. in Badalkhan et al, Iranian St. in honour of A. Rossi, Naples 829-48 |
| Weeden 2011 Hitt. Logograms and Hitt. Scholarship, Wiesbaden | * Schmitt 1991 Osservaz. sull’adattamento armeno etc RIL 125, 215-9 |
| Weitenberg 2000 Gk. influence on the early Arm. linguistics in Auroux et al, Hist. of the Lang. Sciences, Berlin, 447-50 | * Sgarbi 1988-91 Studio contrastivo sull’adattamento strutturale etc, MIL 39, 535-632 |
| {{:logo_8.png?80 |}} | * Sgarbi 2003 Trasferimento interling. di classi gramm. nell’adattamento armeno etc, Aev. 77, 119-26 |
| | * Talmon 2000 Foreign influence in the Syriac gramm. tradition in Auroux et al, History of the language sciences, Berlin, 337-41 |
| | * Tomasin ED 2013 Il Vocabolario degli accad. della crusca etc Firenze |
| | * Versteegh 2019 Malay Grammar between Arab and Western Model in Giolfo et al, The Foundations of Arabic Linguistics 4, Leiden |
| | * Von Hinüber 2001 Das ältere Mittelind. im Überblick, Wien |
| | * Weeden 2011 Hitt. Logograms and Hitt. Scholarship, Wiesbaden |
| | * Weitenberg 2000 Gk. influence on the early Arm. linguistics in Auroux et al, Hist. of the Lang. Sciences, Berlin, 447-50 |
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